You can achieve this in SharePoint online using below two ways:
- SharePoint site theming - recommended:
You can create a custom theme for your SharePoint site & apply custom styles and colors to sites.
Not sure if you will be able to achieve all your requirements (like specific font-size) using custom themes but this is the recommended solution by Microsoft for for applying custom styles to sites.
Check below Microsoft documentations for more information:
- Injecting custom CSS using SPFx application customizer - Not recommended:
You can inject custom CSS on SharePoint online modern pages using SPFx application customizer & change the styling of HTML elements using their HTML id's & classes.
Check below reference for more information:
- How can I include the same JS and CSS files on multiple SharePoint Modern Page?
Note: DOM manipulation & CSS customizations are not recommended by Microsoft and some of your customization may break if Microsoft changes HTML element id/classes in new release updates.