Yes, you can create Visual Web Parts in Visual Studio for SharePoint

Look [Create Visual Web Parts in SharePoint 2010](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff597539(v=office.14).aspx)

You can use ASP.NET Controls in your Visual Web Part, you can drop this Visual Web Part after deploying your solution to any SharePoint Page (Publishing Page, Web Part Page etc.)

For showing list items you can either use GridView ASP.NET control or Repeater ASP.NET Control.. Or you can use [SPGridView control](http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/Ejemplos-sobre-cmo-usar-el-69cd5f16) which renders just like a SharePoint View.