To remove the Comments web part, you could have simply deleted the Comments web part from the page (Posts.aspx).
SharePoint 2013 uses client side rendering for the Post's UI. You should have probably created your own custom JSLink to override the rendering. (Recommended)
To fix what you have done, undo what you did (add back the fields in the view) and go to Posts.aspx and re-configure the view. It should come back.
An easier alternative to achieve what you're trying to do is by adding some css which would hide the unwanted fields. Add the below CSS inside content editor web part and put it inside both default and post.aspx
Here's something to start with:
div.ms-blog-commandSpace > a {
display: none; /* To Hide Comments */
}
span.ms-comm-cmdSpaceListItem > #root-likesElement-1, span.ms-comm-cmdSpaceListItem > #root-likesElement-2 {
display: none; /* To Hide Like */
}
div.ms-blog-commandSpace {
display: none; /* To Hide All Blog Command Tools (like, unlike, comment, email, edit) */
}
h3.ms-blog-postComments {
display: none; /* To hide Comments header title */
}