I accidentally deleted a column from a list that contained a lot of entered data.
I have no backup of this data, is there any way to recover?
No.
Deleted columns or the data of that particular do not go to the Recycle bins.
So, if you don't have its backup, then data is lost.
Note: You can create a support ticket with Microsoft and see if they can provide any help regarding data recovery: Contact support for business products - Admin Help.
Similar questions:
If you don't have backup, the data will be lost.
However, you can recreate the same SharePoint column if it is used in some other code: Creating site column with a specific GUID
public static readonly Guid MyFieldId =
new Guid("{CC1E421C-29BE-4373-81D0-55D5D64B2E3D}");
public static readonly string MyFieldDefXml =
"<Field ID=\"{CC1E421C-29BE-4373-81D0-55D5D64B2E3D}\"" +
" Name=\"MyFieldName\" StaticName=\"MyFieldName\"" +
" Type=\"Text\" DisplayName=\"My Field Name\"" +
" Group=\"My Columns\" DisplaceOnUpgrade=\"TRUE\" />";
if (web.AvailableFields.Contains(MyFieldId) == false)
{
web.Fields.AddFieldAsXml(MyFieldDefXml);
}