As you mentioned you need to add script in script editor webpart.
Please note that you need to keep all columns which you want to disable handy.
Say for example my column name is 'Yes No'
You need to form id of column header with below pattern, please note that diidSort2 is constant for each column and its appended with internal column name
'diidSort2' + [column internal name>]
For example my field internal name is 'MyMMDField' below script needs to be executed on document.ready
$("#diidSort2MyMMDField").parentNode.parentNode.removeAttribute("onmouseover")
I tried this using console, it is displaying filter option.
// A $( document ).ready() block.
$( document ).ready(function() {
setTimeout(function(){
console.log($("#diidSort2Question1"));
$("#diidSort2Question1").parentNode.parentNode.removeAttribute("onmouseover")
}, 3000);
});