I do not know what caused this issue (once I was out of disk space, maybe this caused the fail in merging the index), but I could fix it.
First I did an Index Reset (in Search Administration) and checked, if the index files on my servers are deleted. Then I started full crawling on every content source I have.
Now the ratio of my index components looks much healthier:
-----------------------------------------
[ SharePoint Search Service Application ]
-----------------------------------------
Host State Name CellName Partition Primary Generation ActiveDocs Merging CheckpointSize
---- ----- ---- -------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------- ------- --------------
xxxxx059 Active IndexComponent5 [I.0.0] 0 True 5264 1516121 False 34423 (MB)
xxxxx154 Active IndexComponent7 [I.1.0] 0 False 5264 1516121 False 34458.7 (MB)
xxxxx059 Active IndexComponent6 [I.0.1] 1 True 5264 1515190 False 34297.3 (MB)
xxxxx154 Active IndexComponent8 [I.1.1] 1 False 5264 1515190 False 34297.5 (MB)
ServerName Name Drive Capacity Available Space Size on Disk Path
---------- ---- -------------- --------------- ------------ ----
xxxxx059 IndexComponent5 153469 MB 80739.6 MB 35056.8 MB D:\SPSearchService\PrimaryIndex\SPf90231c0687...
xxxxx059 IndexComponent6 153469 MB 80739.7 MB 35154.4 MB D:\SPSearchService\ReplicaIndex\SPf90231c0687...
xxxxx154 IndexComponent7 153469 MB 80255.5 MB 35145.9 MB D:\SPSearchService\ReplicaIndex\SPf90231c0687...
xxxxx154 IndexComponent8 153469 MB 80255.5 MB 35154.8 MB D:\SPSearchService\PrimaryIndex\SPf90231c0687...
Component UpdateGroup TargetRatio Total Master Time Ratio
--------- ----------- ----------- ----- ------ ---- -----
IndexComponent5 %default 10% 1521141 1502373 05.11.2015 09:03:03 1.23%
IndexComponent5 link 10% 1515464 1401709 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.51%
IndexComponent5 people 10% 661 661 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent5 security 10% 1521365 1400995 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.91%
IndexComponent5 usage 10% 6202 6202 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent6 %default 10% 1520228 1481600 05.11.2015 09:03:03 2.54%
IndexComponent6 link 10% 1514542 1400506 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.53%
IndexComponent6 people 10% 652 652 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent6 security 10% 1520465 1399616 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.95%
IndexComponent6 usage 10% 6215 6215 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent7 %default 10% 1521140 1510511 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.70%
IndexComponent7 link 10% 1515464 1401709 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.51%
IndexComponent7 people 10% 661 661 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent7 security 10% 1521361 1415827 05.11.2015 09:03:03 6.94%
IndexComponent7 usage 10% 6202 6202 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent8 %default 10% 1520228 1481600 05.11.2015 09:03:03 2.54%
IndexComponent8 link 10% 1514542 1400506 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.53%
IndexComponent8 people 10% 652 652 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
IndexComponent8 security 10% 1520456 1413821 05.11.2015 09:03:03 7.01%
IndexComponent8 usage 10% 6215 6215 05.11.2015 09:03:03 0.00%
Health Reports for Index System SPf90231c06878 of Constellation 3CCEF9:
Name Message Level
---- ------- -----
active_indexrouters[SPf90231c06878] [I.0.0, I.0.1] Info
in_sync[SPf90231c06878.0] [I.0.0, I.1.0] Info
in_sync[SPf90231c06878.1] [I.0.1, I.1.1] Info
left_behind[SPf90231c06878.0] [] Info
left_behind[SPf90231c06878.1] [] Info
members[SPf90231c06878.0] [I.1.0, I.0.0] Info
members[SPf90231c06878.1] [I.1.1, I.0.1] Info
primary[SPf90231c06878.0] I.0.0 Info
primary[SPf90231c06878.1] I.0.1 Info
Primary Search Admin for Constellation 3CCEF9: NodeRunnerAdmin1 on prds0058
Home directory for SharePoint Search Service Application's Constellation:
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office Servers\15.0\Data\Office Server\Applications\Search\Nodes\3CCEF9
So, something messed up my index and I could repair it by resetting the index.