It seems that the problem was the formatting of string value as a valid SharePoint datetime.
wjervis's commentwjervis's comment is right; I have to adapt my source code for get the selected date "hour and minutes" in my form and using the toISOString method.
So, if I need datetime with the ISO 8601 format; I use the following code:
// This is the date that I select in my form: "26/05/2016 17:00".
// I separate the previous string and create a new Date object:
var myDate = new Date(2016, 4, 26, 17, 0);
// With this line, I can use later in the query (using the SharePoint REST API).
var ISO_FormattedDate = myDate.toISOString();
The result is:
2016-05-26T22:00:00.000Z
And modifying the query as follows:
https://<SITE_NAME>/_api/web/lists/GetByTitle('LIST_NAME')/items?&$select=Created&$filter=Created ge '2016-05-26T22:00:00.000Z' and Created le '2016-05-26T23:00:00.000Z'&$orderby=Created desc
I finally could get the expected results.